High Resolution X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Natural Minerals of Gas Hydrates and Occurrence of Mixed Phases

M Yousuf; SB Qadri

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Engineering Group Review Article 記事ID: igmin265

High Resolution X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Natural Minerals of Gas Hydrates and Occurrence of Mixed Phases

Energy Engineering Materials Engineering

M Yousuf ¹ and

SB Qadri ^* ²

Affiliation

The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA

Emeritus, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA

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要約

The types and concentrations of gas hydrates collected from four different geological sites were analyzed using high-resolution angular dispersive X-ray powder diffraction, with synchrotron radiation as the source. Measurements were taken across a temperature range of 80 to 300 K and a pressure range of 0.1 to 80 MPa. All four gas hydrate samples showed the presence of three mixed crystal structures: structures I, II, and H. Additionally, the ice Ih structure was inherently present in all the natural gas hydrate minerals. The variation in the types and concentrations of gas hydrates can be attributed to the diversity of natural gases at different geographic locations.

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参考文献

Coffin RB, Lamontagne R, Rose-Pehrsson S, Grabowski KS, Knies DL, Qadri SB, Yesinowski JP, Pohlman JW, Yousuf M, Linton JA. Ocean Floor Methane Gas Hydrate Exploration. NRL Review. 2002;112.
Yousuf M, Qadri SB, Knies DL, Grabowski KS, Coffin RB, Pohlman JW. Novel results on structural investigations of natural minerals of clathrate hydrates. Appl Phys A. 2003;78:925-939.
Haq BU. Methane in the Deep Blue Sea. Science. 1999;285:543-544.
Brooks JM, Kennicutt II MC, Fay RR, McDonald TJ, Sassen R. Thermogenic Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico. Science. 1984;225:409-411.
Kennicutt II MC, Brooks JM, Denoux GJ. Leakage of deep, reservoired petroleum to the near surface on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope. Marine Chem. 1988;24:39-59.
MacDonald IR, Guinasso NL Jr, Sassen R, Brooks JM, Lee L, Scott KT. Gas hydrate that breaches the sea floor on the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Geology. 1994;22:699-702.
McMullan RK, Jeffery GA. Polyhedral Clathrate Hydrates. IX. Structure of Ethylene Oxide Hydrate. J Chem Phys. 1965;42:2725-2732.
Mak TCW, McMullan RK. Polyhedral Clathrate Hydrates. X. Structure of the Double Hydrate of Tetrahydrofuran and Hydrogen Sulfide. J Chem Phys. 1965;42:2732-2737.
Udachin KA, Ripmeester JA. A complex clathrate hydrate structure showing bimodal guest hydration. Nature. 1999;397:420-423.
Ripmeester JA, Ratcliffe CI. The diverse nature of dodecahedral cages in clathrate hydrates as revealed by 129Xe and 13C NMR spectroscopy: CO2 as a small-cage guest. Energy Fuels. 1998;12:197-200.
Sloan ED. Gas Hydrates: Review of Physical/Chemical Properties. Energy Fuels. 1998;12:191.
Holbrook WS, Hoskins H, Wood WT, Stephen RA, Lizarralde D. Methane Hydrate and Free Gas on the Blake Ridge from Vertical Seismic Profiling. Science. 1996;273:1840-1843.
Shoji H, Langway CC. Air hydrate inclusions in fresh ice core. Nature. 1982;298:548-550.
Makogon YF, Makogon TY, Holditch SA. Gas Hydrate: Challenges for the Future. In: Holder GD, Bishnoi PR, editors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000;912:777.
Rogner HH. An Assessment of World Hydrocarbon Resources. Annu Rev Energy Environ. 1997;22:217-262.
Sassen R, MacDonald IR, Requejo AG, Guinasso NL Jr, Kennicutt II MC, Sweet ST, Brooks JM. Organic geochemistry of sediments from chemosynthetic communities, Gulf of Mexico slope. Geo-Marine Lett. 1994;14:110-119.
Pauling L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond and The Structure of Molecules and Crystals. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1960.
Jeffrey GA. Inclusion Compounds. Vol. 1: Structural Aspects of Inclusion Compounds Formed by Inorganic and Organometallic Host Lattices. Atwood JL, Davies JED, MacNichol DD, editors. Academic Press; 1984;135.
Sloan ED Jr. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1998.
Rahman A, Stillinger FH. Hydrogen-bond patterns in liquid water. J Am Chem Soc. 1973;95:7943.
Khan A. Theoretical studies of tetrakaidecahedral structures of (H2O)24, (H2O)25 and (H2O)26 clusters. Chem Phys Lett. 1996;253:299-304.
Beno MA, Kurtz C, Munkholm A, Rüt U, Engbretson M, Jennings G, Linton J, Knapp GS, Montano PA. Elliptical multipole wiggler beamlines at the advanced photon source. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2001;467-468:694.
Gutt C. Europhys Lett. 1999;48:269.
Papadimitriou NI, Tsimpanogiannis IN, Papaioannou A Th, Stubos AK. Evaluation of the Hydrogen-Storage Capacity of Pure H2 and Binary H2-THF Hydrates with Monte Carlo Simulations. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112:10294.
Bourry C, Chazallon B, Charlou JL, Donval JP, Ruffine L, Henry P, Geli L, Çagatay MN, İnan S, Moreau M. Free gas and gas hydrates from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey: Chemical and structural characterization. Geophys Res Lett. 2009;264:197-206.
Chazallon B, Focsa C, Charlou JL, Bourry C, Donval JP. A comparative Raman spectroscopic study of natural gas hydrates collected at different geological sites. Chem Geol. 2007;244:175-185

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[1] Coffin RB, Lamontagne R, Rose-Pehrsson S, Grabowski KS, Knies DL, Qadri SB, Yesinowski JP, Pohlman JW, Yousuf M, Linton JA. Ocean Floor Methane Gas Hydrate Exploration. NRL Review. 2002;112.

[2] Yousuf M, Qadri SB, Knies DL, Grabowski KS, Coffin RB, Pohlman JW. Novel results on structural investigations of natural minerals of clathrate hydrates. Appl Phys A. 2003;78:925-939.

[3] Haq BU. Methane in the Deep Blue Sea. Science. 1999;285:543-544.

[4] Brooks JM, Kennicutt II MC, Fay RR, McDonald TJ, Sassen R. Thermogenic Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico. Science. 1984;225:409-411.

[5] Kennicutt II MC, Brooks JM, Denoux GJ. Leakage of deep, reservoired petroleum to the near surface on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope. Marine Chem. 1988;24:39-59.

[6] MacDonald IR, Guinasso NL Jr, Sassen R, Brooks JM, Lee L, Scott KT. Gas hydrate that breaches the sea floor on the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Geology. 1994;22:699-702.

[7] McMullan RK, Jeffery GA. Polyhedral Clathrate Hydrates. IX. Structure of Ethylene Oxide Hydrate. J Chem Phys. 1965;42:2725-2732.

[8] Mak TCW, McMullan RK. Polyhedral Clathrate Hydrates. X. Structure of the Double Hydrate of Tetrahydrofuran and Hydrogen Sulfide. J Chem Phys. 1965;42:2732-2737.

[9] Udachin KA, Ripmeester JA. A complex clathrate hydrate structure showing bimodal guest hydration. Nature. 1999;397:420-423.

[10] Ripmeester JA, Ratcliffe CI. The diverse nature of dodecahedral cages in clathrate hydrates as revealed by 129Xe and 13C NMR spectroscopy: CO2 as a small-cage guest. Energy Fuels. 1998;12:197-200.

[11] Sloan ED. Gas Hydrates: Review of Physical/Chemical Properties. Energy Fuels. 1998;12:191.

[12] Holbrook WS, Hoskins H, Wood WT, Stephen RA, Lizarralde D. Methane Hydrate and Free Gas on the Blake Ridge from Vertical Seismic Profiling. Science. 1996;273:1840-1843.

[13] Shoji H, Langway CC. Air hydrate inclusions in fresh ice core. Nature. 1982;298:548-550.

[14] Makogon YF, Makogon TY, Holditch SA. Gas Hydrate: Challenges for the Future. In: Holder GD, Bishnoi PR, editors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000;912:777.

[15] Rogner HH. An Assessment of World Hydrocarbon Resources. Annu Rev Energy Environ. 1997;22:217-262.

[16] Sassen R, MacDonald IR, Requejo AG, Guinasso NL Jr, Kennicutt II MC, Sweet ST, Brooks JM. Organic geochemistry of sediments from chemosynthetic communities, Gulf of Mexico slope. Geo-Marine Lett. 1994;14:110-119.

[17] Pauling L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond and The Structure of Molecules and Crystals. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1960.

[18] Jeffrey GA. Inclusion Compounds. Vol. 1: Structural Aspects of Inclusion Compounds Formed by Inorganic and Organometallic Host Lattices. Atwood JL, Davies JED, MacNichol DD, editors. Academic Press; 1984;135.

[19] Sloan ED Jr. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1998.

[20] Rahman A, Stillinger FH. Hydrogen-bond patterns in liquid water. J Am Chem Soc. 1973;95:7943.

[21] Khan A. Theoretical studies of tetrakaidecahedral structures of (H2O)24, (H2O)25 and (H2O)26 clusters. Chem Phys Lett. 1996;253:299-304.

[22] Beno MA, Kurtz C, Munkholm A, Rüt U, Engbretson M, Jennings G, Linton J, Knapp GS, Montano PA. Elliptical multipole wiggler beamlines at the advanced photon source. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2001;467-468:694.

[23] Gutt C. Europhys Lett. 1999;48:269.

[24] Papadimitriou NI, Tsimpanogiannis IN, Papaioannou A Th, Stubos AK. Evaluation of the Hydrogen-Storage Capacity of Pure H2 and Binary H2-THF Hydrates with Monte Carlo Simulations. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112:10294.

[25] Bourry C, Chazallon B, Charlou JL, Donval JP, Ruffine L, Henry P, Geli L, Çagatay MN, İnan S, Moreau M. Free gas and gas hydrates from the Sea of Marmara, Turkey: Chemical and structural characterization. Geophys Res Lett. 2009;264:197-206.

[26] Chazallon B, Focsa C, Charlou JL, Bourry C, Donval JP. A comparative Raman spectroscopic study of natural gas hydrates collected at different geological sites. Chem Geol. 2007;244:175-185

END

High Resolution X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Natural Minerals of Gas Hydrates and Occurrence of Mixed Phases

Affiliation

要約

数字