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Abstract

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Medicine Group Research Article 記事ID: igmin242

Lunar-Derived Propellants for Fueling Mars-Bound Spacecraft in Cis-Lunar Space

Environmental Health Affiliation

Affiliation

    1445 Indiana Ave., South Pasadena, CA 91030, USA

要約

The conventional method to send payloads to Mars is by direct trans-Mars injection (TMI) from LEO. NASA is considering an alternative of fueling large Mars-bound cargo transfer vehicles in cis-lunar space with propellants derived from the Moon by in situ propellant production (ISPP) prior to trans-Mars injection from cis-lunar space. 
A large team of investigators developed an Evolvable Lunar Campaign (ELC) that defined its strategic objective as follows:
"The ELC strategic objective is commercial mining of propellant from lunar poles where it will be transported to lunar orbit to be used by NASA to send humans to Mars."
Unfortunately, sending Mars-bound vehicles to cis-lunar space prior to trans-Mars injection saves little mass in LEO, unnecessarily includes lunar ISPP, which is costly, complex, and risky, and at the bottom line, has no benefits. 
The problem is that the amount of propellant needed to go from LEO to cis-lunar space is roughly comparable to the amount of propellant used for direct TMI from LEO, so the lunar-derived propellants only offset a small amount of propellant used to augment Mars Orbit Insertion and Entry, Descent, and Landing, and the amount of propellant required in LEO is almost the same in both cases. The initial mass in low Earth orbit (IMLEO) is not reduced much by utilizing lunar ISPP.
At the bottom line, sending Mars-bound MCTV to cis-lunar space adds complexity, cost, and risk and provides essentially no benefits.

数字

参考文献

    1. Rapp D. Human Missions to Mars. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Praxis Books; 2023.
    2. Jones CA. Cost Breakeven Analysis of Cis-lunar ISRU for Propellant [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 2]. Available from: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20205007564/downloads/ISRU-Paper3-Final.pdf
    3. Miller C. Economic Assessment and Systems Analysis of an Evolvable Lunar Architecture that Leverages Commercial Space Capabilities and Public-Private-Partnerships [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Sep 2]. Available from: http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/williamsr2/docs/EvolvableLunarArchitecture.pdf
    4. Rapp D. Human Missions to Mars. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Praxis Books; 2023. p. [section 4.4.2, Table 4.5].
    5. Rapp D. Human Missions to Mars. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Praxis Books; 2023. p. [Table 4.6].
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    8. Rapp D. Human Missions to Mars. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Praxis Books; 2023. p. [section 5.7.3.3].
    9. Rapp D. Human Missions to Mars. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Praxis Books; 2023. p. [section 4.10].
    10. Rapp D. Near-Term NASA Mars and Lunar In Situ Propellant Production: Complexity versus Simplicity. Space: Science & Technology. 2024 Aug 2;2024. ID: space.0188. DOI: 10.34133/space.0188.
    11. White BC, Haggerty NP. Carbothermal reduction system overview and developments in support of the Artemis program and a commercial lunar economy. Paper presented at: 52nd International Conference on Environmental Systems; 2023 Jul 11-15; Calgary, Canada. Abstract 313:16-20.
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    14. Austin AB, Sherwood BB, Elliott J. Robotic lunar surface operations II. Paper presented at: 70th International Astronautical Congress; 2019 Oct 21-25; Washington, DC, USA. Abstract 201:921-925.
    15. Elliott J, Austin AA, Colaprete T. ISRU in support of an architecture for a self-sustained lunar base. Paper presented at: 70th International Astronautical Congress; 2019 Oct 21-25; Washington, DC, USA. Abstract 21:25.
    16. Pappa R, Rose G, Paddock D. Solar Power for Lunar Pole Mission. Paper presented at: Space Power Workshop; 2019 Mar 25-27; Torrance, CA, USA.
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