Compatibility Analysis of Frequency Containment Reserve and Load Frequency Control Functions

Ramūnas Deltuva

doi:10.61927/igmin237

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Engineering Group Letter to Editor Article ID: igmin237

Compatibility Analysis of Frequency Containment Reserve and Load Frequency Control Functions

Power Engineering Energy Engineering Control Engineering

Ramūnas Deltuva ^*

Affiliation

Department of Electrical Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu St. 48–236A, Kaunas, Lithuania

DOI10.61927/igmin237 Fulltext HTML Fulltext PDF Cite this article

Abstract

The study focuses on investigating the behavior of Electric Power Systems (EPS) during desynchronization from a synchronous area, its stability in island mode operation, and its synchronization with Continental Europe (CE). The primary aim is to ensure and maintain the stability and reliable operation of self–operating individual EPSs by analyzing the technical requirements and prequalification procedures for Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) and Load Frequency Control (LFC) reserves.
The study employed numerical simulations to analyze the behavior of isolated EPSs after losing a certain amount of active power, to ensure reliable operation and avoid the effects of Under Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS). It examined the technical requirements for LFC reserve units, such as the ability to remain connected to the network during disturbances and provide necessary support. The research investigated the procedures for prequalifying reserve units to provide FCR and LFC services.
This investigation contributes to ensuring that EPSs operate reliably during desynchronization and that reserve providers meet the necessary technical and operational standards.

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References

Anton N, Bulac C, Sănduleac M, Gemil EE, Dobrin B, Ion VA, et al. An overview of PMU–based electrical power systems modelling for power quality enhancement. In Conf Rec 2022 57^th IEEE Int Conf UPEC. 2022. doi: 1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917615.
Garces AA. Linear three–phase load flow for power distribution systems. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. 2016; 31(1): 827–828. doi:1109/TPWRS.2015.2394296.
Chen W, Lin X, Li Y, Chen K, Chen G. Planning method for regenerative electric heating system considering the heat load during power outage. In Conf Rec 2021 11^th IEEE Int Conf ICPES. 2021. doi: 1109/ICPES53652.2021.9683925.
Wang J, Sun Y. Load frequency active disturbance rejection control based on improved particle swarm optimization. MDPI Electronics. 2024; 13(7): 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071268.
Wang P, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang Y. Fractional–order load frequency control of an interconnected power system with a hydrogen energy–storage unit. MDPI Fractal Fract. 2024; 8(3): 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8030126.
Almasoudi FM, Magdy G, Bakeer A, Alatawi KSS, Rihan M. A new load frequency control technique for hybrid maritime microgrids sophisticated structure of fractional–order PIDA controller. MDPI Fractal Fract. 2023; 7(6): 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7060435.
Priyanka BM, Mathur P, Singh H, NairEM analysis of planar phased array–radome system for ground–based FCR applications. In Conf. Rec. 2018 IEEE Int Conf InCAP. 2018; doi: 10.1109/INCAP.2018.8770760.
Mohiuddin M, Primorac M, Stai E, Le Boudec JY. FCR fast and consistent controller–replication in software defined networking. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 170589–170603. doi: 1109/ACCESS.2019.2955554.
Trang LTM, Nouri H. Modeling dynamic frequency control with power reserve limitations. In Conf. Rec. 2018 53^rd IEEE Int Conf UPEC. 2018. doi:1109/UPEC.2018.8541972.
Wang C, Liu X, Yang Y, Sun Wideband energy detection using weighted Fourier integral method with frequency color rendering. In Conf. Rec. 2023 6^th IEEE Int Conf ICICSP. 2023. doi: 10.1109/ICICSP59554.2023.10388503.
Hsu KH, Lai KCh, Huang LY, Yang HF, Tsai An experiment on the load shifting from service registry to service providers in SOA. In Conf. Rec. 2017 7^th IEEE Int Conf SC2. 2017. doi: 10.1109/SC2.2017.48.
Tandon A, Garg D, Kant K, Bansal Load balancing technique in SOA VN and performance analysis. In Conf. Rec. 2012 4^th IEEE Int Conf CICN. 2012. doi: 10.1109/CICN.2012.139.
Mingchun Z, Hong Q, Shoubao Y, WeiFeng A flexible load–balancing traffic grooming algorithm in service overlay network. In Conf. Rec. 2013 IEEE Int Conf. CCBD. 2013. doi: 10.1109/CLOUDCOM-ASIA.2013.19.
European Union. Establishing a guideline on electricity transmission system operation. Commission regulation (EU) 2017/1485 of 2 August 2017. Off J Eur Union. 2017;220:1–120.
Dai W, Luo C, Li Y, HuiHwang Goh, Zhang D, Wu T, et al. Economic dispatch of wind hydro thermal power systems considering reservior flexibility. Int Conf Rec 2021 4^th IEEE Int Conf CEEPE. 2021. doi: 1109/CEEPE51765.2021.9475728.
Sh L, Yang F, Li Y, Zheng T, Wu F, Lee KY, et al. Optimized operation strategy of pumped storage electrochemical energy storage for renewable energy consumption. MDPI Sustainability. 2022; 14(15): 9713. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159713.
Cramer AM, Stevens JD, Ojo Mission based optimal control for the evaluation of power and energy system capability. In Conf. Rec. 2019 IEEE Int Conf ESTS. 2019. doi: 10.1109/ESTS.2019.8847866.

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[1] Anton N, Bulac C, Sănduleac M, Gemil EE, Dobrin B, Ion VA, et al. An overview of PMU–based electrical power systems modelling for power quality enhancement. In Conf Rec 2022 57^th IEEE Int Conf UPEC. 2022. doi: 1109/UPEC55022.2022.9917615.

[2] Garces AA. Linear three–phase load flow for power distribution systems. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. 2016; 31(1): 827–828. doi:1109/TPWRS.2015.2394296.

[3] Chen W, Lin X, Li Y, Chen K, Chen G. Planning method for regenerative electric heating system considering the heat load during power outage. In Conf Rec 2021 11^th IEEE Int Conf ICPES. 2021. doi: 1109/ICPES53652.2021.9683925.

[4] Wang J, Sun Y. Load frequency active disturbance rejection control based on improved particle swarm optimization. MDPI Electronics. 2024; 13(7): 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071268.

[5] Wang P, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang Y. Fractional–order load frequency control of an interconnected power system with a hydrogen energy–storage unit. MDPI Fractal Fract. 2024; 8(3): 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8030126.

[6] Almasoudi FM, Magdy G, Bakeer A, Alatawi KSS, Rihan M. A new load frequency control technique for hybrid maritime microgrids sophisticated structure of fractional–order PIDA controller. MDPI Fractal Fract. 2023; 7(6): 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7060435.

[7] Priyanka BM, Mathur P, Singh H, NairEM analysis of planar phased array–radome system for ground–based FCR applications. In Conf. Rec. 2018 IEEE Int Conf InCAP. 2018; doi: 10.1109/INCAP.2018.8770760.

[8] Mohiuddin M, Primorac M, Stai E, Le Boudec JY. FCR fast and consistent controller–replication in software defined networking. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 170589–170603. doi: 1109/ACCESS.2019.2955554.

[9] Trang LTM, Nouri H. Modeling dynamic frequency control with power reserve limitations. In Conf. Rec. 2018 53^rd IEEE Int Conf UPEC. 2018. doi:1109/UPEC.2018.8541972.

[10] Wang C, Liu X, Yang Y, Sun Wideband energy detection using weighted Fourier integral method with frequency color rendering. In Conf. Rec. 2023 6^th IEEE Int Conf ICICSP. 2023. doi: 10.1109/ICICSP59554.2023.10388503.

[11] Hsu KH, Lai KCh, Huang LY, Yang HF, Tsai An experiment on the load shifting from service registry to service providers in SOA. In Conf. Rec. 2017 7^th IEEE Int Conf SC2. 2017. doi: 10.1109/SC2.2017.48.

[12] Tandon A, Garg D, Kant K, Bansal Load balancing technique in SOA VN and performance analysis. In Conf. Rec. 2012 4^th IEEE Int Conf CICN. 2012. doi: 10.1109/CICN.2012.139.

[13] Mingchun Z, Hong Q, Shoubao Y, WeiFeng A flexible load–balancing traffic grooming algorithm in service overlay network. In Conf. Rec. 2013 IEEE Int Conf. CCBD. 2013. doi: 10.1109/CLOUDCOM-ASIA.2013.19.

[14] European Union. Establishing a guideline on electricity transmission system operation. Commission regulation (EU) 2017/1485 of 2 August 2017. Off J Eur Union. 2017;220:1–120.

[15] Dai W, Luo C, Li Y, HuiHwang Goh, Zhang D, Wu T, et al. Economic dispatch of wind hydro thermal power systems considering reservior flexibility. Int Conf Rec 2021 4^th IEEE Int Conf CEEPE. 2021. doi: 1109/CEEPE51765.2021.9475728.

[16] Sh L, Yang F, Li Y, Zheng T, Wu F, Lee KY, et al. Optimized operation strategy of pumped storage electrochemical energy storage for renewable energy consumption. MDPI Sustainability. 2022; 14(15): 9713. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159713.

[17] Cramer AM, Stevens JD, Ojo Mission based optimal control for the evaluation of power and energy system capability. In Conf. Rec. 2019 IEEE Int Conf ESTS. 2019. doi: 10.1109/ESTS.2019.8847866.

Compatibility Analysis of Frequency Containment Reserve and Load Frequency Control Functions

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