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Medicine Group Case Study 記事ID: igmin214

Country Risk to Face Global Emergencies: Negative Effects of High Public Debt on Health Expenditures and Fatality Rate in COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis

Health Economics Medical ResearchHealth Policy
Mario Coccia *
Affiliation

Affiliation

    CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Italy

DOI10.61927/igmin214 全文HTML 全文PDF この記事を引用する
DOI10.61927/igmin214 全文HTML 全文PDF この記事を引用する

要約

Risk is a variation of performance in the presence of events and it can negatively impact socioeconomic system of countries. Statistical evidence here shows that high public debt reduces health expenditures over time and increases the vulnerability and risk of European countries to face health emergencies, such as COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Overall, then, findings suggest that high public debt weakens healthcare and socioeconomic system of countries to cope with crises, such as COVID-19 pandemic, conflicts, natural disasters, etc. 
JEL Codes: I18; H12; H51; H60; H63

数字

Regression line of the COVID-19 fatality rate in 2022 on healthcare expenditures per capita in 2019. Figure 1: Regression line of the COVID-19 fatality rate in 2...
Comparison of COVID-19 fatality rate in 2022, health expenditure per capita in 2019 and level of public debt in European countries of group 1 (Countries with LOWER COVID-19 Fatality in 2020) and group 2 (Countries with HIGHER COVID-19 Fatality in 2020). Figure 2: Comparison of COVID-19 fatality rate in 2022, heal...

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    95. Bo Y, Guo C, Lin C, Zeng Y, Li HB, Zhang Y, et al. Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission in 190 countries from 23 January to 13 April 2020. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;102:247-253. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.066. Epub 2020 Oct 29. PMID: 33129965; PMCID: PMC7598763.
    96. Bontempi E, Coccia M. International trade as critical parameter of COVID-19 spread that outclasses demographic, economic, environmental, and pollution factors. Environ Res. 2021 Oct;201:111514. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111514. Epub 2021 Jun 15. PMID: 34139222; PMCID: PMC8204848.
    97. Bontempi E, Coccia M, Vergalli S, Zanoletti A. Can commercial trade represent the main indicator of the COVID-19 diffusion due to human-to-human interactions? A comparative analysis between Italy, France, and Spain. Environ Res. 2021;201:111529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111529
    98. Brauner JM, Mindermann S, Sharma M, Johnston D, Salvatier J, Gavenčiak T, et al. The effectiveness of eight nonpharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in 41 countries. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.28.20116129
    99. Cao Y, Hiyoshi A, Montgomery S. COVID-19 case-fatality rate and demographic and socioeconomic influencers: worldwide spatial regression analysis based on country-level data. BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 3;10(11):e043560. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043560. PMID: 33148769; PMCID: PMC7640588.
    100. Chowdhury T, Chowdhury H, Bontempi E, Coccia M, Masrur H, Sait SM, et al. Are mega-events super spreaders of infectious diseases similar to COVID-19? A look into Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympics to improve preparedness of next international events. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan;30(4):10099-10109. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22660-2. Epub 2022 Sep 6. PMID: 36066799; PMCID: PMC9446650.
    101. Coccia M. Socio-cultural origins of the patterns of technological innovation: What is the likely interaction among religious culture, religious plurality and innovation? Towards a theory of socio-cultural drivers of the patterns of technological innovation. Technol Soc. 2014;36(1):13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2013.11.002
    102. Coccia M. Radical innovations as drivers of breakthroughs: characteristics and properties of the management of technology leading to superior organizational performance in the discovery process of R&D labs. Technol Anal Strategic Manage. 2016;28(4):381-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2015.1095287
    103. Coccia M. Intrinsic and extrinsic incentives to support motivation and performance of public organizations. J Econ Bibliogr. 2019;6(1):20-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1453/jeb.v6i1.1795
    104. Coccia M. Comparative Incentive Systems. In: Farazmand A, editor. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3706-1
    105. Coccia M. Theories of Development. In: Farazmand A, editor. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_939-1
    106. Coccia M. An index to quantify environmental risk of exposure to future epidemics of the COVID-19 and similar viral agents: Theory and practice. Environ Res. 2020 Dec;191:110155. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110155. Epub 2020 Aug 29. PMID: 32871151; PMCID: PMC7834384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110155
    107. Coccia M. Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 and Public Health. ResearchSquare. 2020. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-41354/v1
    108. Coccia M. Asymmetry of the technological cycle of disruptive innovations. Technol Anal Strategic Manage. 2020;32(12):1462-1477. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1785415
    109. Coccia M. Factors determining the diffusion of COVID-19 and suggested strategy to prevent future accelerated viral infectivity similar to COVID. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 10;729:138474. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138474. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PMID: 32498152; PMCID: PMC7169901.
    110. Coccia M. How (Un)sustainable Environments are Related to the Diffusion of COVID-19: The Relation between Coronavirus Disease 2019, Air Pollution, Wind Resource and Energy. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22):9709. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229709
    111. Coccia M. Comparative Critical Decisions in Management. In: Farazmand A, editor. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer Nature; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3969-1
    112. Coccia M. The relation between length of lockdown, numbers of infected people and deaths of COVID-19, and economic growth of countries: Lessons learned to cope with future pandemics similar to COVID-19. Science of The Total Environment, 2021a; 775:145801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145801
    113. Coccia M. Pandemic Prevention: Lessons from COVID-19. Encyclopedia. 2021b; 1:2; 433-444. doi: 10.3390/encyclopedia1020036
    114. Coccia M. Different effects of lockdown on public health and economy of countries: Results from first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Economics Library. 2021c; 8(1):45-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1453/jel.v8i1.2183
    115. Coccia M. Recurring waves of Covid-19 pandemic with different effects in public health, Journal of Economics Bibliography. 2021d; 8:1; 28-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1453/jeb.v8i1.2184
    116. Coccia M. High health expenditures and low exposure of population to air pollution as critical factors that can reduce fatality rate in COVID-19 pandemic crisis: a global analysis. Environ Res. 2021 Aug;199:111339. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111339. Epub 2021 May 21. PMID: 34029545; PMCID: PMC8139437.
    117. Coccia M. How do low wind speeds and high levels of air pollution support the spread of COVID-19? Atmos Pollut Res. 2021 Jan;12(1):437-445. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2020.10.002. Epub 2020 Oct 7. PMID: 33046960; PMCID: PMC7541047.
    118. Coccia M. Evolution and structure of research fields driven by crises and environmental threats: the COVID-19 research. Scientometrics. 2021;126(12):9405-9429. doi: 10.1007/s11192-021-04172-x. Epub 2021 Oct 24. PMID: 34720251; PMCID: PMC8541882.
    119. Coccia M. The impact of first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in society: comparative analysis to support control measures to cope with negative effects of future infectious diseases. Environ Res. 2021 Jun;197:111099. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111099. Epub 2021 Apr 2. PMID: 33819476; PMCID: PMC8017951.
    120. Coccia M. Effects of human progress driven by technological change on physical and mental health, STUDI DI SOCIOLOGIA. 2021i; 2:113-132. https://doi.org/10.26350/000309_000116
    121. Coccia M. Effects of the spread of COVID-19 on public health of polluted cities: results of the first wave for explaining the dejà vu in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and epidemics of future vital agents. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Apr;28(15):19147-19154. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11662-7. Epub 2021 Jan 4. PMID: 33398753; PMCID: PMC7781409.
    122. Coccia M. Critical decisions for crisis management: An introduction. J. Adm. Soc. Sci. 2021m; 8:1; 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1453/jsas.v8i1.2181
    123. Coccia M. Meta-analysis to explain unknown causes of the origins of SARS-COV-2. Environ Res. 2022 Aug;211:113062. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113062. Epub 2022 Mar 5. PMID: 35259407; PMCID: PMC8897286.
    124. Coccia M. COVID-19 Vaccination is not a Sufficient Public Policy to face Crisis Management of next Pandemic Threats. Public Organization Review. 2022a; 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-022-00661-6
    125. Coccia M. Effects of strict containment policies on COVID-19 pandemic crisis: lessons to cope with next pandemic impacts. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan;30(1):2020-2028. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22024-w. Epub 2022 Aug 4. PMID: 35925462; PMCID: PMC9362501.
    126. Coccia M. Improving preparedness for next pandemics: Max level of COVID-19 vaccinations without social impositions to design effective health policy and avoid flawed democracies. Environ Res. 2022 Oct;213:113566. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113566. Epub 2022 May 31. PMID: 35660409; PMCID: PMC9155186.
    127. Coccia M. Optimal levels of vaccination to reduce COVID-19 infected individuals and deaths: A global analysis. Environ Res. 2022 Mar;204(Pt C):112314. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112314. Epub 2021 Nov 2. PMID: 34736923; PMCID: PMC8560189.
    128. Coccia M. Preparedness of countries to face COVID-19 pandemic crisis: Strategic positioning and factors supporting effective strategies of prevention of pandemic threats. Environ Res. 2022 Jan;203:111678. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111678. Epub 2021 Jul 16. PMID: 34280421; PMCID: PMC8284056.
    129. Coccia M. COVID-19 pandemic over 2020 (withlockdowns) and 2021 (with vaccinations): similar effects for seasonality and environmental factors. Environ Res. 2022 May 15;208:112711. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112711. Epub 2022 Jan 13. PMID: 35033552; PMCID: PMC8757643.
    130. Coccia M. The Spread of the Novel Coronavirus Disease-2019 in Polluted Cities: Environmental and Demographic Factors to Control for the Prevention of Future Pandemic Diseases. In: Faghih N, Forouharfar A. (eds) Socioeconomic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Crisis. Contributions to Economics: Springer, Cham. 2022g; 351-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89996-7_16
    131. Coccia M. Sources, diffusion and prediction in COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned to face next health emergency. AIMS Public Health. 2023 Mar 2;10(1):145-168. doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2023012. PMID: 37063362; PMCID: PMC10091135.
    132. Coccia M, Benati I. Comparative Evaluation Systems, A. Farazmand (ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, Springer. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1210-1
    133. Coccia M, Benati I. Comparative Studies. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance –section Bureaucracy (edited by Ali Farazmand). Springer, Cham. 2018a; Chapter No. 1197-1:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1197-1
    134. Coccia M, Benati I. Effective health systems facing pandemic crisis: lessons from COVID-19 in Europe for next emergencies, International Journal of Health Governance. 2024a. DOI 10.1108/IJHG-02-2024-0013
    135. Núñez-Delgado A, Bontempi E, Zhou Y, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, López-Ramón MV, Coccia M, Zhang Z, Santás-Miguel V, Race M. Editorial of the Topic “Environmental and Health Issues and Solutions for Anticoccidials and other Emerging Pollutants of Special Concern”. Processes. 2024; 12(7):1379. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12071379

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