Smart Mobility and Sensor Based-BRT Crusade, the Challenge for Auto Mechanics and Technicians in Africa

Dukiya JJ

doi:10.61927/igmin198

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Potentially Toxic Metals in Cucumber Cucumis sativus Collected from Peninsular Malaysia: A Human Health Risk Assessment

Chee Kong Yap, Rosimah Nulit, Aziran Yaacob, Zaieka Shamsudin, Meng Chuan Ong, Wan Mohd Syazwan, Hideo Okamura, Yoshifumi Horie, Chee Seng Leow, Ahmad Dwi Setyawan, Krishnan Kumar, Wan Hee Cheng and Kennedy Aaron Aguol

Engineering Group Review Article 記事ID: igmin198

Smart Mobility and Sensor Based-BRT Crusade, the Challenge for Auto Mechanics and Technicians in Africa

Mechanical Engineering

Dukiya JJ ^*

Affiliation

Department of Transport Management Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

DOI10.61927/igmin198 全文HTML 全文PDF この記事を引用する

要約

African countries with no globally recognized auto manufacturing factories are flooded with the most modern automobiles as soon as they are commercialized in the absence of commensurate skilled local auto mechanics across the continent. In the wake of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) scheme in Abuja Nigeria, the first set of luxurious buses purchased ended up as junks within a short period of operation largely due to lack of technician competency. The continuous patronage of a few multinational workshop garages like Toyota, Honda, Kia Motors, etc is hindering the transport agencies from breaking even. This paper is therefore aimed at evaluating the state of bus auto-mechanics and technicians in Nigeria for sustainable hybrid buses for effective BRT in the country. Google search engine was used to source secondary data from dedicated transport and energy-related sites like National Research Council (NRC) Agora Verkehrswende and GIZ, Smart city study, USDoT, and Africa Transport Solution, for the current paradigm shift in automobile energy management. Participatory surveys were carried out in two major motor mechanic villages that house over two hundred (200) workshops. The study reveals that there is a yawning gap between the societal ideal auto-mechanic expectations and the operational woe realities. This work becomes very relevant in view of global urbanization and the crusade for Hybrid Bus Rapid Transit (HBRT) in urban mobility as a panacea to COP28 carbon emission reduction. It is recommended that policymakers in urban transportation at all levels should ensure the certification and re-training of the motor mechanics to be able to maintain those imported modern buses while investing in ITS-based road infrastructure for sustainable BRT in their country

数字

参考文献

Understanding and Responding to Climate Change. 2009. (http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#)
United Nations.World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision, CD-ROM edition.UN department of economic and social affairs, population division. New York.
Wilbanks T, Romero LP, Bao M, Berkhout F, Cairncross S, Ceron JP, Kapshe M, Muir-Wood R, Zapata-Marti R. Industry, settlement and society. In: Parry M, Canziani O, Palutikof J, van der Linden P, Hanson C, eds. Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. 357-390.
Stott PA, Tett SFB, Jones GS, Allen MR, Ingram WJ, Mitchell JF. Attribution of twentieth century temperature change to natural and anthropogenic causes. Clim Dyn. 2004; 17:1-21.
The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York; 2007.
Hoerling M, Eischeid J, Quan X, Xu T. Explaining the record U.S. warmth of 2006. Geophys Res Lett. 2007; 34. doi:10.1029/2007GL030343
National Research Council (NRC). Climate change science: an analysis of some key questions. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.; 2001.
Commission of the European Communities. European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide, White Paper. COM 370, Brussels; 2001.
Dukiya JJ. Energy Shortage, Climate Change and the Challenge of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in African Countries. Int J Humanities Social Sci. 2013; 3(14):114-120. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1077.5783&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Transitions to alternative transportation technologies—A focus on hydrogen. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12222.html; 2008.
Evolution of the Motor Vehicle. https://www.cartakeback.com/blog/just-for-fun/evolution-of-the-motor-vehicle/; 2018.
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Khreis H. Car free cities: pathway to healthy urban living. Environ Int. 2016; 94:251-262.
Giffinger R, Fertner C, Kramar H, Kalasek R, Pichler-Milanovic N, Meijers E. Smart Cities – Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, Research Report, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria; 2007.
Smart City Study. International study of the situation of ICT, Innovation and Knowledge in Cities. Committee of Digital and Knowledge-based Cities of UCLG; 2012.
Volvo BRT: Solving tomorrow's mass transit challenges today. https://wikibus.blob.core.windows.net/sources14/Volvo%20BRT-%20Solving%20tomorrow's%20mass%20transit%20challenges%20today.pdf; 2022.
Ghanbari-Ghajarloo H, Masih-Tehrani M, Kheybari M. Design and energy optimisation of a hybrid flywheel bus rapid transit. Int J Hydromechatronics. 2020; (1):88-106. doi:10.1504/ijhm.2020.105500.
John N. Technology & transportation: The dynamic relationship. Discovery Institute. 2001;10(2). www.discovery.org.
Yusuf A, Ikechiji. Nigeria has only one helicopter for search and rescue. http://thenationonlineng.com/dynamicpage.asp?id=51265; 2008.
Evaluating progress of the U.S. climate change science program: methods and preliminary results. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.; 2007.
International Energy Authority (IEA). Biofuels for transport: an international perspective. Paris, France. Available at: www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf; 2004.
Gregory D. Recent State Actions Promoting Alternative Energy. NGA Centre for Best Practices, issue brief, Environment, Energy & Natural Resources Division, Washington DC. Available at: www.nga.org/center; 2007.
Global BRT Data. Worldwide and Key Indicators per Region. 2019. http://brtdata.org/.
Amit V, Ravinder K, Shashank S. Major Principles of Sustainable Transport System: A Literature Review. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET). 2018; 6(2). www.ijraset.com.
Jean L. Fossil fuels: what future. A paper presented at Beijing workshop on global dialogue on energy security, 16-17 October. The Dialogue International Policy Institute, China Institute of International Studies; 2006.
Q&As: Red light cameras. Insurance institute for highway safety. December, 2010. http://www.iihs.org/research/qanda/rlr.html.
Philippe C. Hybrid Diesel-Electric Buses Coming To Chicago and MTA Rolls Out 60’ Hybrid Buses in Time for Preakness. www.mta.maryland.gov; 2012, 2013.
Sukarno I, Matsumoto H, Susanti L. Transportation energy consumption and emissions-a view from city of Indonesia. Future Cities Environ. 2016; 2:6.
INFRAS, New Energy Buses in European Cities, Martin Schmied. 2015. Available at: https://transition-china.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/70-Evaluation-of-New-Energy-Buses-in-European-Cities_Martin-Schmied_EN.pdf
Ajibefun IA, Daramola AG. Determinants of technical and allocative efficiency of micro‐enterprises: firm‐level evidence from Nigeria. African Development Review. 2003; 15(2-3):353-395. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8268.2003.00077.x
National Bureau of Statistics. Facts and figures 2007. The Federal Republic of Nigeria. Available at: http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/fact2007.zip; 2008.
Zuidgeest MHP, van Maarseveen MFAM. Transportation planning for sustainable development. Proceedings of South-African transportation conference, Pretoria, South-Africa; 2000.
Daly HE. Ecological economics and sustainable development: from concept to policy (No. 1991). World Bank, Environment Department, Policy and Research Division; 1991.
Ogunsanya AA. Analysis of Nigerian government policy on urban transportation. Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (INTT), Zaria; 2004. 2003-223.
Deen TB, Skinner RE. A paradigm for addressing change in the transportation environment. Transportation Research News. 1994; 174:11-13.
Akinyemi EO, Zuidgeest MHP. Sustainable development & transportation: past experiences and future challenges. World Transport Policy & Practice. 2000; 6(1):31-39. Available at: http://www.ecoplan.com/wtpp.
Brazil to build 'Biofuel Town' in Nigeria to kick-start bio energy industry. Available at: http://biopact.com/2007/05/brazil-to-build-biofuel-city-in-nigeria.html; 2007.
Agrofuels: towards a reality check in nine key areas. Available at: http://www.corporateeurope.org/docs/AgrofuelsRealityCheck.pdf; 2007.
Commission of the European Communities. Keep Europe moving – Sustainable mobility for our continent, Mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Brussels. Science and Technology for Sustainability Program Policy and Global Affairs; Summary of a Workshop. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12806.html; 2006.
Biofuels for Africa: An illusion or a sustainable option to reduce energy vulnerability and alleviate poverty. Available at: http://www.endaenergy.org; 2007.
EU eCall. EU adopts automobile emergency calling service eCall. Telecom Paper. 2011, September 8. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ecall/.
FRSC-and-new-number-plate. http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/analysis/commentary/28695-; 2011.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Special report: markets, prices, food situation and prospects for Benin, Niger and Nigeria. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai464e/ai464e00.htm; 2008.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Unified Bioenergy Terminology (UBET). ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/j4504e/j4504e00.pdf; 2004.
The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, Van der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York; 2001.
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). The global biofuels outlook. Available at: http://www.iadb.org/biofuels/; 2007.
Karl TR, Trenberth KE. Modern climate change. Science. 2003; 302(5651):1719–1723.
Lum KM, Wong YD. A before-and-after study on red light camera installation. ITE Journal (Institute of Transportation Engineers). 2003; 73(3):28–32.
NHTSA Vehicle safety and fuel economy rulemaking and research priority plan, 2011–2013. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/2011-2013_Vehicle_Safety-Fuel_Economy_Rulemaking-Research_Priority_Plan.pdf.
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Osterkorn M. Ethanol in Africa: Nigeria will use Brazilian blueprint to found its new biofuels industry. Available at: www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=389; 2006.
Retting RA, Ferguson SA, Hakkert AS. Effects of red light cameras on violations and crashes: A review of the international literature. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2003; 4(1):17–23.
Mandate framework document for the South African coal roadmap, final version. Available at: www.sacrm-mandat.pdf; 2008.
Stott PA, Stone DA, Allen MR. Human Contribution to the European heat wave of 2003. Nature. 2004; 432:610–614.
UNEP/NEPAD. Action plan of the environment initiative of NEPAD. UNEP, Nairobi. Sustainable transport: priorities for policy reform. Development in practice series, The World Bank, Washington, USA. USDOT. ITS Strategic Research Plan, 2010–2014. Available at: http://www.its.dot.gov/strat_plan/index.htm.
United States Patent and Trademark Office. Emergency vehicle traffic signal preemption system. Available at: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6326903; 2011.

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[1] Understanding and Responding to Climate Change. 2009. (http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#)

[2] United Nations.World urbanization prospects: the 2007 revision, CD-ROM edition.UN department of economic and social affairs, population division. New York.

[3] Wilbanks T, Romero LP, Bao M, Berkhout F, Cairncross S, Ceron JP, Kapshe M, Muir-Wood R, Zapata-Marti R. Industry, settlement and society. In: Parry M, Canziani O, Palutikof J, van der Linden P, Hanson C, eds. Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2007. p. 357-390.

[4] Stott PA, Tett SFB, Jones GS, Allen MR, Ingram WJ, Mitchell JF. Attribution of twentieth century temperature change to natural and anthropogenic causes. Clim Dyn. 2004; 17:1-21.

[5] The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York; 2007.

[6] Hoerling M, Eischeid J, Quan X, Xu T. Explaining the record U.S. warmth of 2006. Geophys Res Lett. 2007; 34. doi:10.1029/2007GL030343

[7] National Research Council (NRC). Climate change science: an analysis of some key questions. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.; 2001.

[8] Commission of the European Communities. European Transport Policy for 2010: Time to Decide, White Paper. COM 370, Brussels; 2001.

[9] Dukiya JJ. Energy Shortage, Climate Change and the Challenge of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in African Countries. Int J Humanities Social Sci. 2013; 3(14):114-120. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1077.5783&rep=rep1&type=pdf

[10] Transitions to alternative transportation technologies—A focus on hydrogen. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12222.html; 2008.

[11] Evolution of the Motor Vehicle. https://www.cartakeback.com/blog/just-for-fun/evolution-of-the-motor-vehicle/; 2018.

[12] Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Khreis H. Car free cities: pathway to healthy urban living. Environ Int. 2016; 94:251-262.

[13] Giffinger R, Fertner C, Kramar H, Kalasek R, Pichler-Milanovic N, Meijers E. Smart Cities – Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, Research Report, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria; 2007.

[14] Smart City Study. International study of the situation of ICT, Innovation and Knowledge in Cities. Committee of Digital and Knowledge-based Cities of UCLG; 2012.

[15] Volvo BRT: Solving tomorrow's mass transit challenges today. https://wikibus.blob.core.windows.net/sources14/Volvo%20BRT-%20Solving%20tomorrow's%20mass%20transit%20challenges%20today.pdf; 2022.

[16] Ghanbari-Ghajarloo H, Masih-Tehrani M, Kheybari M. Design and energy optimisation of a hybrid flywheel bus rapid transit. Int J Hydromechatronics. 2020; (1):88-106. doi:10.1504/ijhm.2020.105500.

[17] John N. Technology & transportation: The dynamic relationship. Discovery Institute. 2001;10(2). www.discovery.org.

[18] Yusuf A, Ikechiji. Nigeria has only one helicopter for search and rescue. http://thenationonlineng.com/dynamicpage.asp?id=51265; 2008.

[19] Evaluating progress of the U.S. climate change science program: methods and preliminary results. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.; 2007.

[20] International Energy Authority (IEA). Biofuels for transport: an international perspective. Paris, France. Available at: www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf; 2004.

[21] Gregory D. Recent State Actions Promoting Alternative Energy. NGA Centre for Best Practices, issue brief, Environment, Energy & Natural Resources Division, Washington DC. Available at: www.nga.org/center; 2007.

[22] Global BRT Data. Worldwide and Key Indicators per Region. 2019. http://brtdata.org/.

[23] Amit V, Ravinder K, Shashank S. Major Principles of Sustainable Transport System: A Literature Review. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET). 2018; 6(2). www.ijraset.com.

[24] Jean L. Fossil fuels: what future. A paper presented at Beijing workshop on global dialogue on energy security, 16-17 October. The Dialogue International Policy Institute, China Institute of International Studies; 2006.

[25] Q&As: Red light cameras. Insurance institute for highway safety. December, 2010. http://www.iihs.org/research/qanda/rlr.html.

[26] Philippe C. Hybrid Diesel-Electric Buses Coming To Chicago and MTA Rolls Out 60’ Hybrid Buses in Time for Preakness. www.mta.maryland.gov; 2012, 2013.

[27] Sukarno I, Matsumoto H, Susanti L. Transportation energy consumption and emissions-a view from city of Indonesia. Future Cities Environ. 2016; 2:6.

[28] INFRAS, New Energy Buses in European Cities, Martin Schmied. 2015. Available at: https://transition-china.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/70-Evaluation-of-New-Energy-Buses-in-European-Cities_Martin-Schmied_EN.pdf

[29] Ajibefun IA, Daramola AG. Determinants of technical and allocative efficiency of micro‐enterprises: firm‐level evidence from Nigeria. African Development Review. 2003; 15(2-3):353-395. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8268.2003.00077.x

[30] National Bureau of Statistics. Facts and figures 2007. The Federal Republic of Nigeria. Available at: http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/fact2007.zip; 2008.

[31] Zuidgeest MHP, van Maarseveen MFAM. Transportation planning for sustainable development. Proceedings of South-African transportation conference, Pretoria, South-Africa; 2000.

[32] Daly HE. Ecological economics and sustainable development: from concept to policy (No. 1991). World Bank, Environment Department, Policy and Research Division; 1991.

[33] Ogunsanya AA. Analysis of Nigerian government policy on urban transportation. Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology (INTT), Zaria; 2004. 2003-223.

[34] Deen TB, Skinner RE. A paradigm for addressing change in the transportation environment. Transportation Research News. 1994; 174:11-13.

[35] Akinyemi EO, Zuidgeest MHP. Sustainable development & transportation: past experiences and future challenges. World Transport Policy & Practice. 2000; 6(1):31-39. Available at: http://www.ecoplan.com/wtpp.

[36] Brazil to build 'Biofuel Town' in Nigeria to kick-start bio energy industry. Available at: http://biopact.com/2007/05/brazil-to-build-biofuel-city-in-nigeria.html; 2007.

[37] Agrofuels: towards a reality check in nine key areas. Available at: http://www.corporateeurope.org/docs/AgrofuelsRealityCheck.pdf; 2007.

[38] Commission of the European Communities. Keep Europe moving – Sustainable mobility for our continent, Mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White Paper. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. Brussels. Science and Technology for Sustainability Program Policy and Global Affairs; Summary of a Workshop. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12806.html; 2006.

[39] Biofuels for Africa: An illusion or a sustainable option to reduce energy vulnerability and alleviate poverty. Available at: http://www.endaenergy.org; 2007.

[40] EU eCall. EU adopts automobile emergency calling service eCall. Telecom Paper. 2011, September 8. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ecall/.

[41] FRSC-and-new-number-plate. http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/analysis/commentary/28695-; 2011.

[42] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Special report: markets, prices, food situation and prospects for Benin, Niger and Nigeria. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai464e/ai464e00.htm; 2008.

[43] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Unified Bioenergy Terminology (UBET). ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/j4504e/j4504e00.pdf; 2004.

[44] The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, Van der Linden PJ, Dai X, Maskell K, Johnson CA, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York; 2001.

[45] Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). The global biofuels outlook. Available at: http://www.iadb.org/biofuels/; 2007.

[46] Karl TR, Trenberth KE. Modern climate change. Science. 2003; 302(5651):1719–1723.

[47] Lum KM, Wong YD. A before-and-after study on red light camera installation. ITE Journal (Institute of Transportation Engineers). 2003; 73(3):28–32.

[48] NHTSA Vehicle safety and fuel economy rulemaking and research priority plan, 2011–2013. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/2011-2013_Vehicle_Safety-Fuel_Economy_Rulemaking-Research_Priority_Plan.pdf.

[49] Osondu E. NNPC Begins Biomass Ethanol Project Feasibility Study. Thisday online. July 5. Available at: www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=77461; 2007.

[50] Osterkorn M. Ethanol in Africa: Nigeria will use Brazilian blueprint to found its new biofuels industry. Available at: www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=389; 2006.

[51] Retting RA, Ferguson SA, Hakkert AS. Effects of red light cameras on violations and crashes: A review of the international literature. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2003; 4(1):17–23.

[52] Mandate framework document for the South African coal roadmap, final version. Available at: www.sacrm-mandat.pdf; 2008.

[53] Stott PA, Stone DA, Allen MR. Human Contribution to the European heat wave of 2003. Nature. 2004; 432:610–614.

[54] UNEP/NEPAD. Action plan of the environment initiative of NEPAD. UNEP, Nairobi. Sustainable transport: priorities for policy reform. Development in practice series, The World Bank, Washington, USA. USDOT. ITS Strategic Research Plan, 2010–2014. Available at: http://www.its.dot.gov/strat_plan/index.htm.

[55] United States Patent and Trademark Office. Emergency vehicle traffic signal preemption system. Available at: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=6326903; 2011.

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