Integrated Multi-fidelity Structural Optimization for UAV Wings

Sanusi Muhammad Babansoro; Deng Zhongmin; Hasan Mehedi; SM Tarikul Islam

doi:10.61927/igmin191

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Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy among Self-reported Newly Diagnosed Diabetics

Shweta Walia

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AFM Analysis of Polymeric Membranes Fouling

Gordano A

Engineering Group Research Article 記事ID: igmin191

Integrated Multi-fidelity Structural Optimization for UAV Wings

Materials Engineering Mechanical Engineering

Sanusi Muhammad Babansoro ^* ,

Deng Zhongmin ,

Hasan Mehedi and

SM Tarikul Islam

Affiliation

Beihang University, School of Astronautical Science and Engineering, Beijing 100083, China

DOI10.61927/igmin191 全文HTML 全文PDF この記事を引用する

要約

The paper explores comprehensive Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) wing optimization, integrating aerodynamic and structural techniques. A detailed comparison between the base and optimized modules while considering specifications such as composite material orientation, spar and rib material, deformation, stress, strain, safety factor, and weight. The methodology utilizes material changes for wing weight reduction while maintaining structural integrity. The optimized module (Case 7) balances weight reduction, safety, and structural performance, notably shifting from Al 7075 to Al 2024. Structural optimization focuses on changes in Carbon Fiber/Epoxy orientation, leveraging material changes for weight reduction. Constitutive equations and transformation matrices calculate stiffness matrices for the laminate, resulting in a robust wing. This holistic optimization combines low and high-fidelity techniques, addressing UAV wing structural aspects. Outcomes include weight reduction, deformation minimization, fluttering modal deformation and buckling points, an increased factor of safety, and improved strength-to-weight ratio. The research significantly advances aerospace engineering, particularly in UAV design and optimization.

数字

参考文献

Hua S, Liangxian G, Chunlin G. CST Research on Geometry Modeling Method Based on Three-dimensional CST Parameterization Technology. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2021; 56(2): 211-342.
Berci M, Toropov V V, Hewson R W. Meta modelling based on High and Low Fidelity Models Interaction for UAV Gust Performance Optimization. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. 2012; 54(4): 409-435
Kurt H B, Millidere M, Gomec FS. Multi-fidelity Aerodynamic Dataset Generation of a Fighter Aircraft[J]. Turkish Aerospace, Ankara, Turkey. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. 2021; 3007.
Berci M, Toropov VV, Hewson RW. Multidisciplinary Multifidelity Optimisation of a Flexible Wing Aerofoil for Small UAV[D]. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, 2018; 76: 5(3).
Trad H, Segui M, Botez RM. Airfoils Generation Using Neural Networks, CST Curves and Aerodynamic Coefficients. AIAA. 2020; 2514(6): 2020-2773.
Gidudu A, Hulley G, Marwala T. Classification of Images Using Support Vector Machines. Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, Wits, South Africa. 2018; 3007.
Hu MY, Xiangming Z, Bo Z. Theoretical Calculation of Stiffness of Composite Laminated Beam with T-Section. International Conference on Structural, Mechanical and Materials Engineering (ICSMME). 2015; 5400.
Masters DA, Taylor NJ, Rendall TC. A geometric comparison of aerofoil shape parameterisation methods. AIAA Journal. Advance online publication. 2017; 2773.
Mitchell TA, Jacob JD. Evaluation of Bird-Wing-Inspired Features on Biomimetic UAVs. 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. 2013; 0709-3967.
Fajar A. W, Mohammad A. The maritime surveillance unmanned aerial vehicle. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020; 2227: 020029.
Marta A, Muis A. Flight Dynamics Modeling of Dual Thrust System Hybrid UAV[C]. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems (AIMS), Bandung, Indonesia. 2021; 147-150.
Andrew TR, Hua S, Richard B. Damage Resistance and Damage Tolerance of Hybrid Carbon-Glass Laminates. 52^nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Denver, Colorado. 2011; 55(5): 1575-1589.
Avinash B, Kumar SA, Krishna VC. Conceptual Design of Hybrid UAV. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). 2015; 4(12): 89.
Natsuki T, Kenichi S. Structural and Aeroelastic Studies of Wing Model for Transonic Wind Tunnel Test Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing with AlSi10Mg Alloys. Chicago, IL & Virtual. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. AIAA SciTech Forum. 2022; 45(2): 53-69.
Sanchez RLM, Lozano R, Arias A. Development, Modeling and Control of a Dual Tilt-Wing UAV in Vertical Flight. Drones, Hal Open Science Journal. 2020; 71(4): 26-32.
Spar PM, Thiago RC, Eduardo CS. Design and Manufacturing Process of a UAV Composite Wing. 4th Brazilian Conference on Composite Materials, Rio de Janeiro, 2018; 3418.
Lapan M.M. LSU-02 NGLD: The Latest Generation of Maritime Reconnaissance Drones, Longer Roaming Range. Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology Tokyo. 2013; 4(4):71.
Sigmund O. Design of Multiphysics Actuators Using Topology Optimization; One Material Structures. Computer methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2001; 190(49): 6577.
Syafrina SK, Gaguk M, Farid J, Arifin RS. Aerodynamic Analysis of Additional Winglet on LSU-02 Ngld Aircraft Wings with Canted Angle Variations. 2021; 7(2): 247-254.
Nur MU, Aryandi M, Yusuf GW. Wing Static Test of LSU-02 NGLD Aircraft Using Whiffletree Method. AIP Conf Proc. 2019: 2088(1).
Black C, Singh KV, Goodman S. et al. Design, fabrication and testing of 3D printed wings for rapid evaluation of aeroelastic performance. AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. 1997; 2018. 1997
Locascio DB, Ramee CL, Cooksey KD. A framework for integrated analysis, design, and rapid prototyping of small unmanned airplanes. 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference. 2016; 3447.
Mariens J. Wing Shape Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Master's thesis. Delft University of Technology. 2012; 24(6): 709-719.
Moraira H. Study and Structural Analysis of a Monocoque Wing with Composite Materials for a Model Aircraft (Bachelor’s degree thesis. Bachelor’s degree in Aerospace Vehicles Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa, 2017.
Cal M. Preliminary Topology Optimization of Small Unmanned Aircraft Wings for Additive Manufacturing Dissertation for obtaining the Master's Degree in Aerospace Engineering, integrated study cycle. Covilhã, 2019.
Rosenbaum EB, Mikkelsen TQ. Hybrid Wing Body Aircraft Concepts and Aerodynamics. Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 2017.
Peng W, Kun Z, Chao Z. Design and analysis of aerodynamics for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for surveillance application[J]. American Journal of Physics. 2016; 33: 49-54.
Gardan J. Additive manufacturing technologies: State of the art and trends. International Journal of Production Research. 2016; 54(10): 3118–3132.
Li S, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Hu G, Noack B R. Raps F. Aerodynamic Characterization of a Fan-Array Wind Generator[J]. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Published online. 2023; 33(9): 1746-1754.
Clarendon, Indoor Environmental Quality in Air-conditioned Mosque Buildings in Kuwait. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2017: 68–73.
Obert E. Aerodynamic Design of Transport Aircraft. Amsterdam: IOS Press, Delft University Press. 2009.
Vani PS, Reddy DV, Prasad BS. Design and Analysis of A320 Wing using E-Glass Epoxy Composite. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2014; 536–539.
Raymer DP. Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach Second Edition. Washington, DC, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1992.
Karukana CS. Study of Flow Field over Fabricated Airfoil Models of NACA 23015 with its Kline-Fogelman Variant. Advances in Aerospace Science and Application. 2013; 3(2):95-100.
Anderson JD. Introduction to Flight 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2012.
Abduljalil MH, Kuntjoro W, Mahmud J. Wing structure static analysis using super Element. Procedia Engineering. 2012; 41: 1600–1606.
Baughn TV, Packman PF. Finite element analysis of an ultra-light aircraft. Journal of Aircraft. 1986; 23:82-86.
Yuvraj SR, Subramanyam P. Design and analysis of Wing of an ultra-light Aircraft. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2015; 4:78-85.
Anderson J D. Introduction to Flight 6th Edition. Curator of Aerodynamics National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution and Professor Emeritus University of Maryland, 2017.
Bruhn EF. Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Design 1st Edition. 2005.
Raymer DP. Aircraft Conceptual Design 2nd Edition. Hugh Nelson, Aero Engineering. Part I, George Newnes[M]. 1938; 2.
Srinadh B, Devika S. Computational Study on Supercritical Airfoil. 1992.
Wang K. Vibration Analysis OF Cracked Composite Bending Torsion Beams for Damage Diagnosis. 2004.
Stegmmann J. Analysis and Optimization of Laminated Composite Shell Structure. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. 2005; 29(5):349-360.
Hiro M. Development of a Composite Tailoring Technique for Airplane Wing. 1996; 1(26):205326.
Guo SJ, Bannerjee JR, Cheung CW. The Effect of Laminate Lay-Up on the Flutter Speed of Composite Wings. Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2002; 217(3):115-122.
Development of a Composite Tailoring Procedure for Airplane Wing. 2005.
Shyama K, Sinha PK. Finite Element Analysis of Composite Wing TJoints. 2002.
Alastair FJ, Nathalie P. Modeling Impact Damage in Double-Walled Composite Structures. 2005.
Boyang L. Two-Level Optimization of Composite Wing Structure Based on Panel Genetic Optimization. 2001.
Benini GR, Belo EM, Marques FD. Numerical Model for the Simulation of Fixed Wings Aeroelastic Response. 2004.
Seong WH, Byung SK, Joong YP. Dynamic Analysis of Bending-Torsion Coupled Beam Structures Using Exact Dynamic Elements. 2003.
Pawara PB, Abhay A. Analysis of Composite Material aircraft wing under Static Loading Condition. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research conference session. 2017.
Bogdan C, Dorin L, Radu B. Stress and Modal Analysis Report for Avert Program. 2009.
Rajappan R, Pugazhenthi V. Finite Element Analysis of Aircraft Wing Using Composite Structure. 2013.
Prabhu NR, Ramesh CS, Chandrashekar T. Effect of Heat Treatment on Strength and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Al6061–SiCp Composites. 2010; 33:49-54.
Anderson JD. Introduction to Flight, fifth edition, The McGraw-Hill companies. 2007.
Jan R, Chuan T. Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance. 1997
Xi P, Zhang BY, Ning T. Intelligent Product Design Based on Open Knowledge Representation. 2012; 33(9):1746-1754.
Anemaat WA, Schueler KL. Airplane Layout Design Using Object Oriented Methods. 1997; 5510.
Feng HC, Luo MQ, Liu H. Knowledge-Based and Extensible Aircraft Conceptual Design Environment. 2011; 24(6): 709-719
La RG, Tooren MJL. Knowledge-Based Engineering Approach to Support Aircraft Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization. 2009; 46(6): 1875-1885.
Sears FW. An Introduction to Thermodynamics. The Kinetic Theory of Gases, and Statistical Mechanics, 2d ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading. Mass. 1959; 28: 23-50.
Wylen VGJ, Sonntag RE. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics. 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1973; 53-88.
Reynolds WC, Perkins HC. Engineering Thermodynamics. 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1977.
Shapiro AH. The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow. vols. 1 and 2, The Ronald Press Company, New York. 1953.
Leipmann HW, Roshko A. Elements of Gas dynamics[M]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1957.
Tsien HS. Two-Dimensional Subsonic flow of Compressible Fluids. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 10 October 1939: 6-399.
Karman VTH. Compressibility Effects in Aerodynamics[J]. Aeronaut. Sci. 2012; 8(9): 992-1011.
Laitone EV. New Compressibility Correction for Two-Dimensional Subsonic Flow[J]. J. Aeronaut. Sci, 2012; 18(5): 350-350.
Whitcomb RT. A Study of the Zero-Lift Drag-Rise Characteristics of Wing-Body Combinations Near the Speed of Sound. NACA 1273 report. 1956.
Whitcomb RT, Clark LR. An Airfoil Shape for Efficient Flight at Supercritical Mach Numbers. NASA TMX-1109, July 1965.
Owczarek JA. Fundamental of Gas Dynamics. International Textbook Company, Scranton. Pa. 1964.
Anderson JD, Albacete L M, Winkelmann AE. On Hypersonic Blunt Body Flow Fields Obtained with a Time-Dependent Technique. Naval Ordnance Laboratory NOLTR. 1968; 68-129.
Anderson JD. An Engineering Survey of Radiating Shock Layers. AIAA, September, 1969; 7(9): 1665–1675.
Cherni GG. Introduction to Hypersonic Flow. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 191: 18(5):350-350.

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[1] Hua S, Liangxian G, Chunlin G. CST Research on Geometry Modeling Method Based on Three-dimensional CST Parameterization Technology. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2021; 56(2): 211-342.

[2] Berci M, Toropov V V, Hewson R W. Meta modelling based on High and Low Fidelity Models Interaction for UAV Gust Performance Optimization. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. 2012; 54(4): 409-435

[3] Kurt H B, Millidere M, Gomec FS. Multi-fidelity Aerodynamic Dataset Generation of a Fighter Aircraft[J]. Turkish Aerospace, Ankara, Turkey. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. 2021; 3007.

[4] Berci M, Toropov VV, Hewson RW. Multidisciplinary Multifidelity Optimisation of a Flexible Wing Aerofoil for Small UAV[D]. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, 2018; 76: 5(3).

[5] Trad H, Segui M, Botez RM. Airfoils Generation Using Neural Networks, CST Curves and Aerodynamic Coefficients. AIAA. 2020; 2514(6): 2020-2773.

[6] Gidudu A, Hulley G, Marwala T. Classification of Images Using Support Vector Machines. Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, Wits, South Africa. 2018; 3007.

[7] Hu MY, Xiangming Z, Bo Z. Theoretical Calculation of Stiffness of Composite Laminated Beam with T-Section. International Conference on Structural, Mechanical and Materials Engineering (ICSMME). 2015; 5400.

[8] Masters DA, Taylor NJ, Rendall TC. A geometric comparison of aerofoil shape parameterisation methods. AIAA Journal. Advance online publication. 2017; 2773.

[9] Mitchell TA, Jacob JD. Evaluation of Bird-Wing-Inspired Features on Biomimetic UAVs. 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. 2013; 0709-3967.

[10] Fajar A. W, Mohammad A. The maritime surveillance unmanned aerial vehicle. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020; 2227: 020029.

[11] Marta A, Muis A. Flight Dynamics Modeling of Dual Thrust System Hybrid UAV[C]. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems (AIMS), Bandung, Indonesia. 2021; 147-150.

[12] Andrew TR, Hua S, Richard B. Damage Resistance and Damage Tolerance of Hybrid Carbon-Glass Laminates. 52^nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Denver, Colorado. 2011; 55(5): 1575-1589.

[13] Avinash B, Kumar SA, Krishna VC. Conceptual Design of Hybrid UAV. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). 2015; 4(12): 89.

[14] Natsuki T, Kenichi S. Structural and Aeroelastic Studies of Wing Model for Transonic Wind Tunnel Test Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing with AlSi10Mg Alloys. Chicago, IL & Virtual. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. AIAA SciTech Forum. 2022; 45(2): 53-69.

[15] Sanchez RLM, Lozano R, Arias A. Development, Modeling and Control of a Dual Tilt-Wing UAV in Vertical Flight. Drones, Hal Open Science Journal. 2020; 71(4): 26-32.

[16] Spar PM, Thiago RC, Eduardo CS. Design and Manufacturing Process of a UAV Composite Wing. 4th Brazilian Conference on Composite Materials, Rio de Janeiro, 2018; 3418.

[17] Lapan M.M. LSU-02 NGLD: The Latest Generation of Maritime Reconnaissance Drones, Longer Roaming Range. Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology Tokyo. 2013; 4(4):71.

[18] Sigmund O. Design of Multiphysics Actuators Using Topology Optimization; One Material Structures. Computer methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2001; 190(49): 6577.

[19] Syafrina SK, Gaguk M, Farid J, Arifin RS. Aerodynamic Analysis of Additional Winglet on LSU-02 Ngld Aircraft Wings with Canted Angle Variations. 2021; 7(2): 247-254.

[20] Nur MU, Aryandi M, Yusuf GW. Wing Static Test of LSU-02 NGLD Aircraft Using Whiffletree Method. AIP Conf Proc. 2019: 2088(1).

[21] Black C, Singh KV, Goodman S. et al. Design, fabrication and testing of 3D printed wings for rapid evaluation of aeroelastic performance. AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. 1997; 2018. 1997

[22] Locascio DB, Ramee CL, Cooksey KD. A framework for integrated analysis, design, and rapid prototyping of small unmanned airplanes. 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference. 2016; 3447.

[23] Mariens J. Wing Shape Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Master's thesis. Delft University of Technology. 2012; 24(6): 709-719.

[24] Moraira H. Study and Structural Analysis of a Monocoque Wing with Composite Materials for a Model Aircraft (Bachelor’s degree thesis. Bachelor’s degree in Aerospace Vehicles Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola Superior d’Enginyeries Industrial, Aeroespacial i Audiovisual de Terrassa, 2017.

[25] Cal M. Preliminary Topology Optimization of Small Unmanned Aircraft Wings for Additive Manufacturing Dissertation for obtaining the Master's Degree in Aerospace Engineering, integrated study cycle. Covilhã, 2019.

[26] Rosenbaum EB, Mikkelsen TQ. Hybrid Wing Body Aircraft Concepts and Aerodynamics. Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 2017.

[27] Peng W, Kun Z, Chao Z. Design and analysis of aerodynamics for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for surveillance application[J]. American Journal of Physics. 2016; 33: 49-54.

[28] Gardan J. Additive manufacturing technologies: State of the art and trends. International Journal of Production Research. 2016; 54(10): 3118–3132.

[29] Li S, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Hu G, Noack B R. Raps F. Aerodynamic Characterization of a Fan-Array Wind Generator[J]. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Published online. 2023; 33(9): 1746-1754.

[30] Clarendon, Indoor Environmental Quality in Air-conditioned Mosque Buildings in Kuwait. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2017: 68–73.

[31] Obert E. Aerodynamic Design of Transport Aircraft. Amsterdam: IOS Press, Delft University Press. 2009.

[32] Vani PS, Reddy DV, Prasad BS. Design and Analysis of A320 Wing using E-Glass Epoxy Composite. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2014; 536–539.

[33] Raymer DP. Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach Second Edition. Washington, DC, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1992.

[34] Karukana CS. Study of Flow Field over Fabricated Airfoil Models of NACA 23015 with its Kline-Fogelman Variant. Advances in Aerospace Science and Application. 2013; 3(2):95-100.

[35] Anderson JD. Introduction to Flight 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2012.

[36] Abduljalil MH, Kuntjoro W, Mahmud J. Wing structure static analysis using super Element. Procedia Engineering. 2012; 41: 1600–1606.

[37] Baughn TV, Packman PF. Finite element analysis of an ultra-light aircraft. Journal of Aircraft. 1986; 23:82-86.

[38] Yuvraj SR, Subramanyam P. Design and analysis of Wing of an ultra-light Aircraft. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2015; 4:78-85.

[39] Anderson J D. Introduction to Flight 6th Edition. Curator of Aerodynamics National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution and Professor Emeritus University of Maryland, 2017.

[40] Bruhn EF. Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Design 1st Edition. 2005.

[41] Raymer DP. Aircraft Conceptual Design 2nd Edition. Hugh Nelson, Aero Engineering. Part I, George Newnes[M]. 1938; 2.

[42] Srinadh B, Devika S. Computational Study on Supercritical Airfoil. 1992.

[43] Wang K. Vibration Analysis OF Cracked Composite Bending Torsion Beams for Damage Diagnosis. 2004.

[44] Stegmmann J. Analysis and Optimization of Laminated Composite Shell Structure. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization. 2005; 29(5):349-360.

[45] Hiro M. Development of a Composite Tailoring Technique for Airplane Wing. 1996; 1(26):205326.

[46] Guo SJ, Bannerjee JR, Cheung CW. The Effect of Laminate Lay-Up on the Flutter Speed of Composite Wings. Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2002; 217(3):115-122.

[47] Development of a Composite Tailoring Procedure for Airplane Wing. 2005.

[48] Shyama K, Sinha PK. Finite Element Analysis of Composite Wing TJoints. 2002.

[49] Alastair FJ, Nathalie P. Modeling Impact Damage in Double-Walled Composite Structures. 2005.

[50] Boyang L. Two-Level Optimization of Composite Wing Structure Based on Panel Genetic Optimization. 2001.

[51] Benini GR, Belo EM, Marques FD. Numerical Model for the Simulation of Fixed Wings Aeroelastic Response. 2004.

[52] Seong WH, Byung SK, Joong YP. Dynamic Analysis of Bending-Torsion Coupled Beam Structures Using Exact Dynamic Elements. 2003.

[53] Pawara PB, Abhay A. Analysis of Composite Material aircraft wing under Static Loading Condition. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research conference session. 2017.

[54] Bogdan C, Dorin L, Radu B. Stress and Modal Analysis Report for Avert Program. 2009.

[55] Rajappan R, Pugazhenthi V. Finite Element Analysis of Aircraft Wing Using Composite Structure. 2013.

[56] Prabhu NR, Ramesh CS, Chandrashekar T. Effect of Heat Treatment on Strength and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Al6061–SiCp Composites. 2010; 33:49-54.

[57] Anderson JD. Introduction to Flight, fifth edition, The McGraw-Hill companies. 2007.

[58] Jan R, Chuan T. Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance. 1997

[59] Xi P, Zhang BY, Ning T. Intelligent Product Design Based on Open Knowledge Representation. 2012; 33(9):1746-1754.

[60] Anemaat WA, Schueler KL. Airplane Layout Design Using Object Oriented Methods. 1997; 5510.

[61] Feng HC, Luo MQ, Liu H. Knowledge-Based and Extensible Aircraft Conceptual Design Environment. 2011; 24(6): 709-719

[62] La RG, Tooren MJL. Knowledge-Based Engineering Approach to Support Aircraft Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization. 2009; 46(6): 1875-1885.

[63] Sears FW. An Introduction to Thermodynamics. The Kinetic Theory of Gases, and Statistical Mechanics, 2d ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading. Mass. 1959; 28: 23-50.

[64] Wylen VGJ, Sonntag RE. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics. 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1973; 53-88.

[65] Reynolds WC, Perkins HC. Engineering Thermodynamics. 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1977.

[66] Shapiro AH. The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow. vols. 1 and 2, The Ronald Press Company, New York. 1953.

[67] Leipmann HW, Roshko A. Elements of Gas dynamics[M]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1957.

[68] Tsien HS. Two-Dimensional Subsonic flow of Compressible Fluids. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 10 October 1939: 6-399.

[69] Karman VTH. Compressibility Effects in Aerodynamics[J]. Aeronaut. Sci. 2012; 8(9): 992-1011.

[70] Laitone EV. New Compressibility Correction for Two-Dimensional Subsonic Flow[J]. J. Aeronaut. Sci, 2012; 18(5): 350-350.

[71] Whitcomb RT. A Study of the Zero-Lift Drag-Rise Characteristics of Wing-Body Combinations Near the Speed of Sound. NACA 1273 report. 1956.

[72] Whitcomb RT, Clark LR. An Airfoil Shape for Efficient Flight at Supercritical Mach Numbers. NASA TMX-1109, July 1965.

[73] Owczarek JA. Fundamental of Gas Dynamics. International Textbook Company, Scranton. Pa. 1964.

[74] Anderson JD, Albacete L M, Winkelmann AE. On Hypersonic Blunt Body Flow Fields Obtained with a Time-Dependent Technique. Naval Ordnance Laboratory NOLTR. 1968; 68-129.

[75] Anderson JD. An Engineering Survey of Radiating Shock Layers. AIAA, September, 1969; 7(9): 1665–1675.

[76] Cherni GG. Introduction to Hypersonic Flow. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 191: 18(5):350-350.

Integrated Multi-fidelity Structural Optimization for UAV Wings

Affiliation

要約

数字