Effect of Rainfall on Water Parameters in Recreational Lakes in Heidelberg, Germany

Abhishek Chowfin; Nikola Gluvakovic; Ulrike Gayh

doi:10.61927/igmin153

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Biology Group Research Article 記事ID: igmin153

Effect of Rainfall on Water Parameters in Recreational Lakes in Heidelberg, Germany

Water Quality Ecosystem Resilience Atmospheric Science

Abhishek Chowfin ,

Nikola Gluvakovic and

Ulrike Gayh ^*

Affiliation

School of Engineering and Architecture, SRH Hochschule Heidelberg, Germany

DOI10.61927/igmin153 全文HTML 全文PDF この記事を引用する

要約

This study evaluates the impact of precipitation on water quality in Heidelberg, Germany’s recreational lakes during sporadic rainfall events from August to September 2023. Data were collected from five stations, monitoring physicochemical properties and nutrient levels before and after rainfall. Measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and redox potential were conducted in situ, while turbidity, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, zinc, and copper levels were analyzed in the SRH Heidelberg water laboratory. Findings indicate pH levels increased due to dilution effects, while conductivity rose due to runoff, enhancing ion concentration in the lakes. Dissolved oxygen levels also increased, attributed to aeration from rainfall-induced surface turbulence. Redox potential decreased, reflecting atmospheric oxygen dissolution. Nutrient concentrations, including nitrates and phosphates, along with sulphates, declined post-rainfall, suggesting a dilution effect without significant impact from surface runoff. This outcome implies the absence of major nutrient and sulphate sources upstream. Heavy metals like zinc and copper also decreased in concentration, indicating no introduction through runoff or sediment transport. The study underscores the variability of water quality parameters across different lakes, influenced by factors such as water sources, surrounding land use, geological conditions, and lake characteristics. Overall, water quality improved post-rainfall, making the lakes suitable for recreational activities, with the study establishing a non-linear correlation among the water quality parameters and deducing the P ratio for each parameter.

数字

参考文献

Andrade VS, Gutierrez MF, Regaldo L, Paira AR, Repetti MR, Gagneten AM. Influence of rainfall and seasonal crop practices on nutrient and pesticide runoff from soybean dominated agricultural areas in Pampean streams, Argentina. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Sep 20;788:147676. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147676. Epub 2021 May 11. PMID: 34029815.
Ayele HS, Atlabachew M. Review of characterization, factors, impacts, and solutions of Lake eutrophication: lesson for lake Tana, Ethiopia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Mar;28(12):14233-14252. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-12081-4. Epub 2021 Jan 30. PMID: 33517530.
Boyd CE, Boyd CE. Eutrophication. Water Quality: An Introduction. 2020; 311-322.
Han X, Xiao J, Wang L, Tian S, Liang T, Liu Y. Identification of areas vulnerable to soil erosion and risk assessment of phosphorus transport in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Mar 1;758:143661. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143661. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33248771.
Preisner M. Surface water pollution by untreated municipal wastewater discharge due to a sewer failure. Environmental Processes. 2020; 7(3):767-780.
Sharma A. The wicked problem of diffuse nutrient pollution from agriculture. Journal of Environmental Law. 2020; 32(3):471-502.
Kelly NE, Guijarro-Sabaniel J, Zimmerman R. Anthropogenic nitrogen loading and risk of eutrophication in the coastal zone of Atlantic Canada. Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science. 2021; 263:107630.
Sun YF, Guo Y, Xu C, Liu Y, Zhao X, Liu Q, Jeppesen E, Wang H, Xie P. Will "Air Eutrophication" Increase the Risk of Ecological Threat to Public Health? Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Jul 25;57(29):10512-10520. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01368. Epub 2023 Jul 10. PMID: 37428654; PMCID: PMC10373653.
Menberu Z, Mogesse B, Reddythota D. Evaluation of water quality and eutrophication status of Hawassa Lake based on different water quality indices. Applied Water Science. 2021; 11:1-10.
Pericherla S, Karnena MK, Vara S. A review on impacts of agricultural runoff on freshwater resources. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. 2020; 11:829-833.
Smith JS, Winston RJ, Tirpak RA, Wituszynski DM, Boening KM, Martin JF. The seasonality of nutrients and sediment in residential stormwater runoff: Implications for nutrient-sensitive waters. J Environ Manage. 2020 Dec 15;276:111248. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111248. Epub 2020 Sep 3. PMID: 32891029.
Domínguez-Villar D, Arteaga C, García-Giménez R, Smith EA, Pedraza J. Diurnal and seasonal water variations of temperature, pH, redox potential and conductivity in gnammas (weathering pits): Implications for chemical weathering. Catena. 2008; 72(1):37-48.
Ullah R, Mohiuddin S, Panhwar SK. Metal transportation mechanism by rainfall runoff as a contribution to the bioaccumulation in seafood. Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Feb 4;195(3):362. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-10963-x. PMID: 36737551.
Jia Z, Chang X, Duan T, Wang X, Wei T, Li Y. Water quality responses to rainfall and surrounding land uses in urban lakes. J Environ Manage. 2021 Nov 15;298:113514. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113514. Epub 2021 Aug 11. PMID: 34391108.
Khilchevskyi VK, Kurylo SM, Sherstyuk NP, Zabokrytska MR. The chemical composition of precipitation in Ukraine and its potential impact on the environment and water bodies. Journal of geology, geography and geoecology. 2019; 28(1):79-86.
Guerrero JL, Gutiérrez-Álvarez I, Hierro A, Pérez-Moreno SM, Olías M, Bolívar JP. Seasonal evolution of natural radionuclides in two rivers affected by acid mine drainage and phosphogypsum pollution. Catena. 2021; 197:104978.
Prathumratana L, Sthiannopkao S, Kim KW. The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River. Environ Int. 2008 Aug;34(6):860-6. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.10.011. Epub 2008 Feb 20. PMID: 18068783.
Yan L, Xue L, Petropoulos E, Qian C, Hou P, Xu D, Yang L. Nutrient loss by runoff from rice-wheat rotation during the wheat season is dictated by rainfall duration. Environ Pollut. 2021 Sep 15;285:117382. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117382. Epub 2021 May 19. PMID: 34049130.
Yang L, Li J, Zhou K, Feng P, Dong L. The effects of surface pollution on urban river water quality under rainfall events in Wuqing district, Tianjin, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 293:126136.
Zhang X, Qiao W, Huang J, Li H, Wang X. Impact and analysis of urban water system connectivity project on regional water environment based on Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023; 423:138840.
Du J, Qv M, Zhang Y, Cui M, Zhang H. Simulated sulfuric and nitric acid rain inhibits leaf breakdown in streams: A microcosm study with artificial reconstituted fresh water. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Jun 15;196:110535. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110535. Epub 2020 Mar 27. PMID: 32224368.
Fong CR, Gaynus CJ, Carpenter RC. Extreme rainfall events pulse substantial nutrients and sediments from terrestrial to nearshore coastal communities: a case study from French Polynesia. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 19;10(1):2955. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59807-5. PMID: 32076043; PMCID: PMC7031339.
Kaur M, Das SK, Sarma K. Water quality assessment of Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary using water quality index (CCME WQI). Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2023; 43(1):82-88.
Lynch SF, Batty LC, Byrne P. Environmental risk of metal mining contaminated river bank sediment at redox-transitional zones. Minerals. 2014; 4(1): 52-73.
Mok JS, Kim SH, Kim J, Cho H, An SU, Choi A, Kim B, Yoon C, Thamdrup B, Hyun JH. Impacts of typhoon-induced heavy rainfalls and resultant freshwater runoff on the partitioning of organic carbon oxidation and nutrient dynamics in the intertidal sediments of the Han River estuary, Yellow Sea. Sci Total Environ. 2019 Nov 15;691:858-867. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.031. Epub 2019 Jul 4. PMID: 31326809.
Borch T, Kretzschmar R, Kappler A, Cappellen PV, Ginder-Vogel M, Voegelin A, Campbell K. Biogeochemical redox processes and their impact on contaminant dynamics. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Jan 1;44(1):15-23. doi: 10.1021/es9026248. PMID: 20000681.
Butcher JB, Nover D, Johnson TE, Clark CM. Sensitivity of lake thermal and mixing dynamics to climate change. Climatic Change. 2015; 129:295-305.
Lewis Jr WM. A revised classification of lakes based on mixing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1983; 40(10):1779-1787.
Qin B, Zhou J, Elser JJ, Gardner WS, Deng J, Brookes JD. Water Depth Underpins the Relative Roles and Fates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Lakes. Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Mar 17;54(6):3191-3198. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05858. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PMID: 32073831.
Kim J, Furumai H. Improved calibration of a rainfall‐pollutant‐runoff model using turbidity and electrical conductivity as surrogate parameters for total nitrogen. Water and Environment Journal. 2013; 27(1): 79-85.
Takarina ND. Effect of redox gradients on Cu and Zn concentrations in water of Blanakan River, West Java. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 535: 1; 012002. IOP Publishing.
Kim S, Kaplan LA, Benner R. Sedimentary organic matter in the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico: compositional heterogeneity and potential for coastal hypoxia. Limnology and Oceanography. 2002; 47(1): 90-98.
Gibert J, Dalla Venezia L, Lefebvre S. Sulfate reduction in a river bed aquifer: Hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2005; 69(23): 5477-5489.
Pellerin BA, Saraceno JF, Shanley JB, Sebestyen SD, Aiken GR, Wollheim WM. Taking the pulse of snowmelt: in situ sensors reveal seasonal, event and diurnal patterns of nitrate and dissolved organic matter variability in an upland forest stream. Biogeochemistry. 2012; 108(1-3): 183-198.
Waithaka A, Murimi KS, Obiero K. Effects of Temporal Rainfall Variability on Water Quality of River Ruiru, Kiambu County, Kenya. ChemSearch Journal. 2020; 11(1):59-65.
Hermann R, Neumann-Mahlkau P. The mobility of zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, iron and arsenic in ground water as a function of redox potential and pH. Science of the total environment. 1985; 43(1-2): 1-12.
Sodré FF, Schnitzler DC, Scheffer EW, Grassi MT. Evaluating copper behavior in urban surface waters under anthropic influence. A case study from the Iguaçu River, Brazil. Aquatic Geochemistry. 2012; 18:389-405.
Montecinos M, Coquery M, Alsina MA, Bretier M, Gaillard JF, Dabrin A, Pastén P. Partitioning of copper at the confluences of Andean rivers. Chemosphere. 2020 Nov;259:127318. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127318. Epub 2020 Jun 6. PMID: 32593812.
Robson A, Neal C, Smith CJ, Hill S. Short-term variations in rain and stream water conductivity at a forested site in mid-Wales—implications for water movement. Science of the total environment. 1992; 119:1-18.
Lu HL, Li KW, Nkoh JN, He X, Xu RK, Qian W, Shi RY, Hong ZN. Effects of pH variations caused by redox reactions and pH buffering capacity on Cd(II) speciation in paddy soils during submerging/draining alternation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Apr 1;234:113409. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113409. Epub 2022 Mar 12. PMID: 35286955.
Lueder U, Jørgensen BB, Kappler A, Schmidt C. Photochemistry of iron in aquatic environments. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2020 Jan 1;22(1):12-24. doi: 10.1039/c9em00415g. Epub 2020 Jan 6. PMID: 31904051.

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[1] Andrade VS, Gutierrez MF, Regaldo L, Paira AR, Repetti MR, Gagneten AM. Influence of rainfall and seasonal crop practices on nutrient and pesticide runoff from soybean dominated agricultural areas in Pampean streams, Argentina. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Sep 20;788:147676. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147676. Epub 2021 May 11. PMID: 34029815.

[2] Ayele HS, Atlabachew M. Review of characterization, factors, impacts, and solutions of Lake eutrophication: lesson for lake Tana, Ethiopia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Mar;28(12):14233-14252. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-12081-4. Epub 2021 Jan 30. PMID: 33517530.

[3] Boyd CE, Boyd CE. Eutrophication. Water Quality: An Introduction. 2020; 311-322.

[4] Han X, Xiao J, Wang L, Tian S, Liang T, Liu Y. Identification of areas vulnerable to soil erosion and risk assessment of phosphorus transport in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Mar 1;758:143661. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143661. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33248771.

[5] Preisner M. Surface water pollution by untreated municipal wastewater discharge due to a sewer failure. Environmental Processes. 2020; 7(3):767-780.

[6] Sharma A. The wicked problem of diffuse nutrient pollution from agriculture. Journal of Environmental Law. 2020; 32(3):471-502.

[7] Kelly NE, Guijarro-Sabaniel J, Zimmerman R. Anthropogenic nitrogen loading and risk of eutrophication in the coastal zone of Atlantic Canada. Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science. 2021; 263:107630.

[8] Sun YF, Guo Y, Xu C, Liu Y, Zhao X, Liu Q, Jeppesen E, Wang H, Xie P. Will "Air Eutrophication" Increase the Risk of Ecological Threat to Public Health? Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Jul 25;57(29):10512-10520. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01368. Epub 2023 Jul 10. PMID: 37428654; PMCID: PMC10373653.

[9] Menberu Z, Mogesse B, Reddythota D. Evaluation of water quality and eutrophication status of Hawassa Lake based on different water quality indices. Applied Water Science. 2021; 11:1-10.

[10] Pericherla S, Karnena MK, Vara S. A review on impacts of agricultural runoff on freshwater resources. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. 2020; 11:829-833.

[11] Smith JS, Winston RJ, Tirpak RA, Wituszynski DM, Boening KM, Martin JF. The seasonality of nutrients and sediment in residential stormwater runoff: Implications for nutrient-sensitive waters. J Environ Manage. 2020 Dec 15;276:111248. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111248. Epub 2020 Sep 3. PMID: 32891029.

[12] Domínguez-Villar D, Arteaga C, García-Giménez R, Smith EA, Pedraza J. Diurnal and seasonal water variations of temperature, pH, redox potential and conductivity in gnammas (weathering pits): Implications for chemical weathering. Catena. 2008; 72(1):37-48.

[13] Ullah R, Mohiuddin S, Panhwar SK. Metal transportation mechanism by rainfall runoff as a contribution to the bioaccumulation in seafood. Environ Monit Assess. 2023 Feb 4;195(3):362. doi: 10.1007/s10661-023-10963-x. PMID: 36737551.

[14] Jia Z, Chang X, Duan T, Wang X, Wei T, Li Y. Water quality responses to rainfall and surrounding land uses in urban lakes. J Environ Manage. 2021 Nov 15;298:113514. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113514. Epub 2021 Aug 11. PMID: 34391108.

[15] Khilchevskyi VK, Kurylo SM, Sherstyuk NP, Zabokrytska MR. The chemical composition of precipitation in Ukraine and its potential impact on the environment and water bodies. Journal of geology, geography and geoecology. 2019; 28(1):79-86.

[16] Guerrero JL, Gutiérrez-Álvarez I, Hierro A, Pérez-Moreno SM, Olías M, Bolívar JP. Seasonal evolution of natural radionuclides in two rivers affected by acid mine drainage and phosphogypsum pollution. Catena. 2021; 197:104978.

[17] Prathumratana L, Sthiannopkao S, Kim KW. The relationship of climatic and hydrological parameters to surface water quality in the lower Mekong River. Environ Int. 2008 Aug;34(6):860-6. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.10.011. Epub 2008 Feb 20. PMID: 18068783.

[18] Yan L, Xue L, Petropoulos E, Qian C, Hou P, Xu D, Yang L. Nutrient loss by runoff from rice-wheat rotation during the wheat season is dictated by rainfall duration. Environ Pollut. 2021 Sep 15;285:117382. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117382. Epub 2021 May 19. PMID: 34049130.

[19] Yang L, Li J, Zhou K, Feng P, Dong L. The effects of surface pollution on urban river water quality under rainfall events in Wuqing district, Tianjin, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 293:126136.

[20] Zhang X, Qiao W, Huang J, Li H, Wang X. Impact and analysis of urban water system connectivity project on regional water environment based on Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Journal of Cleaner Production. 2023; 423:138840.

[21] Du J, Qv M, Zhang Y, Cui M, Zhang H. Simulated sulfuric and nitric acid rain inhibits leaf breakdown in streams: A microcosm study with artificial reconstituted fresh water. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Jun 15;196:110535. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110535. Epub 2020 Mar 27. PMID: 32224368.

[22] Fong CR, Gaynus CJ, Carpenter RC. Extreme rainfall events pulse substantial nutrients and sediments from terrestrial to nearshore coastal communities: a case study from French Polynesia. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 19;10(1):2955. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59807-5. PMID: 32076043; PMCID: PMC7031339.

[23] Kaur M, Das SK, Sarma K. Water quality assessment of Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary using water quality index (CCME WQI). Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2023; 43(1):82-88.

[24] Lynch SF, Batty LC, Byrne P. Environmental risk of metal mining contaminated river bank sediment at redox-transitional zones. Minerals. 2014; 4(1): 52-73.

[25] Mok JS, Kim SH, Kim J, Cho H, An SU, Choi A, Kim B, Yoon C, Thamdrup B, Hyun JH. Impacts of typhoon-induced heavy rainfalls and resultant freshwater runoff on the partitioning of organic carbon oxidation and nutrient dynamics in the intertidal sediments of the Han River estuary, Yellow Sea. Sci Total Environ. 2019 Nov 15;691:858-867. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.031. Epub 2019 Jul 4. PMID: 31326809.

[26] Borch T, Kretzschmar R, Kappler A, Cappellen PV, Ginder-Vogel M, Voegelin A, Campbell K. Biogeochemical redox processes and their impact on contaminant dynamics. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Jan 1;44(1):15-23. doi: 10.1021/es9026248. PMID: 20000681.

[27] Butcher JB, Nover D, Johnson TE, Clark CM. Sensitivity of lake thermal and mixing dynamics to climate change. Climatic Change. 2015; 129:295-305.

[28] Lewis Jr WM. A revised classification of lakes based on mixing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1983; 40(10):1779-1787.

[29] Qin B, Zhou J, Elser JJ, Gardner WS, Deng J, Brookes JD. Water Depth Underpins the Relative Roles and Fates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Lakes. Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Mar 17;54(6):3191-3198. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05858. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PMID: 32073831.

[30] Kim J, Furumai H. Improved calibration of a rainfall‐pollutant‐runoff model using turbidity and electrical conductivity as surrogate parameters for total nitrogen. Water and Environment Journal. 2013; 27(1): 79-85.

[31] Takarina ND. Effect of redox gradients on Cu and Zn concentrations in water of Blanakan River, West Java. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 535: 1; 012002. IOP Publishing.

[32] Kim S, Kaplan LA, Benner R. Sedimentary organic matter in the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico: compositional heterogeneity and potential for coastal hypoxia. Limnology and Oceanography. 2002; 47(1): 90-98.

[33] Gibert J, Dalla Venezia L, Lefebvre S. Sulfate reduction in a river bed aquifer: Hydrochemical and isotopic evidence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2005; 69(23): 5477-5489.

[34] Pellerin BA, Saraceno JF, Shanley JB, Sebestyen SD, Aiken GR, Wollheim WM. Taking the pulse of snowmelt: in situ sensors reveal seasonal, event and diurnal patterns of nitrate and dissolved organic matter variability in an upland forest stream. Biogeochemistry. 2012; 108(1-3): 183-198.

[35] Waithaka A, Murimi KS, Obiero K. Effects of Temporal Rainfall Variability on Water Quality of River Ruiru, Kiambu County, Kenya. ChemSearch Journal. 2020; 11(1):59-65.

[36] Hermann R, Neumann-Mahlkau P. The mobility of zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, iron and arsenic in ground water as a function of redox potential and pH. Science of the total environment. 1985; 43(1-2): 1-12.

[37] Sodré FF, Schnitzler DC, Scheffer EW, Grassi MT. Evaluating copper behavior in urban surface waters under anthropic influence. A case study from the Iguaçu River, Brazil. Aquatic Geochemistry. 2012; 18:389-405.

[38] Montecinos M, Coquery M, Alsina MA, Bretier M, Gaillard JF, Dabrin A, Pastén P. Partitioning of copper at the confluences of Andean rivers. Chemosphere. 2020 Nov;259:127318. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127318. Epub 2020 Jun 6. PMID: 32593812.

[39] Robson A, Neal C, Smith CJ, Hill S. Short-term variations in rain and stream water conductivity at a forested site in mid-Wales—implications for water movement. Science of the total environment. 1992; 119:1-18.

[40] Lu HL, Li KW, Nkoh JN, He X, Xu RK, Qian W, Shi RY, Hong ZN. Effects of pH variations caused by redox reactions and pH buffering capacity on Cd(II) speciation in paddy soils during submerging/draining alternation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Apr 1;234:113409. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113409. Epub 2022 Mar 12. PMID: 35286955.

[41] Lueder U, Jørgensen BB, Kappler A, Schmidt C. Photochemistry of iron in aquatic environments. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2020 Jan 1;22(1):12-24. doi: 10.1039/c9em00415g. Epub 2020 Jan 6. PMID: 31904051.

Effect of Rainfall on Water Parameters in Recreational Lakes in Heidelberg, Germany

Affiliation

要約

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